achillea millefolium l. hydro- alcoholic extract protects pancreatic cells by down regulating il- 1β and inos gene expression in diabetic rats

interleukin-1β (il-1β) has a role in β- cell destruction in autoimmune diabetes by stimulating the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos) that generates the free radical nitric oxide. we aimed to investigate the effect of achillea millefolium l, as a traditional hypoglycemic agent, on il-1β and inos gene expression of pancreatic tissue in the stz- induced diabetic rats. forty adult male wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: 1. diabetic control 2. diabetic rats treated with achillea millefolium l. extract 3. normal rats received only extract and 4. negative control (n= 10 each). diabetes was induced by single i.p. injection of 45 mg/ kg streptozotocin (stz). rats in groups 2 and 3 were treated with i.p. injection of achillea millefolium l. extract (100 mg/ kg/ day) for 14 days. body weight, serum glucose and insulin levels were assayed at baseline and on days 3, 7, 10 and 14 of the experiment. finally, the quantity of pancreatic il-1β and inos mrna was determined by real- time pcr. the mrna expression level of il-1β and inos genes, was significantly (p< 0.001) increased in diabetic rats of group 1. treatment with achillea millefolium l. caused a significant (p< 0.01) reduction in both il-1β and inos genes expression. moreover, rats in group 2 had higher insulin level associated with lower glucose level and higher body weight compared to control diabetic group. it seems that beneficial effect of achillea millefolium l. on stz- induced diabetes is at least partly due to amelioration of il-1β and inos gene over expression which can have a β-cell protective effect.